Optogenetic research shows promise for erasing memories of fear. Image via Shutterstock.com
Israeli scientists show that weakening communication between two parts of the brain in mice reduced their fear levels.
Erasing unwanted memories isn’t yet possible. However, Israeli scientists are now reporting that they have succeeded in erasing one type of memory in mice – fear.
This new technique may one day help extinguish traumatic memories in humans – for example, in people with post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD.
“The brain is good at creating new memories when these are associated with strong emotional experiences, such as intense pleasure or fear,” says Ofer Yizhar, senior researcher at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot.
“That’s why it’s easier to remember things you care about, be they good or bad; but it’s also the reason that memories of traumatic experiences are often extremely long-lasting, predisposing people to PTSD.”
In a study recently reported in Nature Neuroscience, the Israeli researchers report how they succeeded in shutting down a neuronal mechanism by which memories of fear are formed in the mouse brain. After the procedure, the mice resumed their earlier fearless behavior, “forgetting” they had been frightened before.
In the study, postdoctoral fellows Oded Klavir (now an investigator at the University of Haifa) and Matthias Prigge, both from Yizhar’s neurobiology lab, together with departmental colleague Prof. Rony Paz and graduate student Ayelet Sarel, examined the communication between two brain regions: the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex.
The amygdala plays a central role in controlling emotions, whereas the prefrontal cortex is mostly responsible for cognitive functions and storing long-term memories.
Previous studies suggested that the interactions between these two brain regions contribute to the formation and storage of aversive memories, and that these interactions are compromised in PTSD. But the exact mechanisms behind these processes were unknown.
Precise control over cellular interactions
In the new study, the Weizmann researchers first used a genetically engineered virus to mark those amygdala neurons that communicate with the prefrontal cortex. Next, using another virus, they inserted a gene encoding a light-sensitive protein into these neurons.
Using optogenetics – a biological technique using light to control cells in living tissue, extensively studied in Yizhar’s lab – the researchers activated only those amygdala neurons that interact with the cortex, and mapped out the cortical neurons that receive input from these light-sensitive neurons.
Once they had achieved this precise control over the cellular interactions in the brain, they turned to exploring the behavioral observation that less fearful mice are more likely to venture farther than others.
The researchers found that when the mice were exposed to fear-inducing stimuli, a powerful line of communication was activated between the amygdala and the cortex.
The mice whose brains displayed such communication were more likely to retain a memory of the fear, acting frightened every time they heard the sound that had previously been accompanied by the fear-inducing stimuli.
The scientists then developed an innovative optogenetic technique for weakening the connection between the amygdala and the cortex, using a series of repeated light pulses.
It turned out that once the connection was weakened, the mice no longer displayed fear upon hearing the sound. In other words, “tuning down” the input from the amygdala to the cortex had destabilized or perhaps even destroyed their memory of fear.
“Our research has focused on a fundamental question in neuroscience: How does the brain integrate emotion into memory? But one day our findings may help develop better therapies targeting the connections between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, in order to alleviate the symptoms of fear and anxiety disorders,” said Yizhar.
