How do creatures like sea urchins take up the calcium they need to build hard structures?
Some sea creatures cover themselves with hard shells and spines, while vertebrates build skeletons out of the same minerals. How do these animals get the calcium they need to build these strong mineral structures? Profs. Lia Addadi and Steve Weiner of the Weizmann Institute of Science’s Department of Structural Biology asked this question about sea urchins, which need to extract quite a few calcium ions from sea water in order to build their spines. The answer surprised the two – and it could change the way scientists think about the process of biomineralization.
Several years ago, Profs. Addadi and Weiner discovered that sea urchins build their spines with tiny packets of “unorganized” material that hardens into crystal when laid in place. “So the question went back a step: How do they get the calcium ions they need to make this material in the first place?” says Prof. Addadi. “Free calcium is not abundant in sea water,” adds Prof. Weiner, “so they need an efficient way to extract and concentrate the ions.”
The green fluorescent label maps the distribution of calcium in sea urchin larvae. The label shows the elongated mineralized spicules and vesicles with large amounts of calcium.
To answer the question the researchers, including Netta Vidavsky, needed methods to observe the animal’s cells “as is”: that is, as they are in life, water included. For this the group turned to Dr. Andreas Schertel of Carl Zeiss Microscopy in Germany and Dr. Sefi Addadi of the Weizmann Institute’s Life Sciences Core Facilities. Very new cutting-edge techniques enabled them to observe thin slices of the cells in sea urchin embryos and then to reconstruct three-dimensional images of these cells and their intake of labeled calcium ions. “Even a few years ago, we could not have done this study,” says Prof. Addadi.
The images showed that sea urchin larval cells actually “drink” seawater, taking in drops and manipulating the water's ions within the confines of the cell. This is in contrast to the theory that these cells take in only ions, one at a time, through special channels in their outer membranes. The cells they observed were filled with networks of bubbles called vacuoles that collect the calcium ions, evidently creating concentrated packages of calcium for building the spines.
This method may be more energy efficient than taking in ions through channels (which the cells also did), but it presents another problem: The cells must be able to pick out the calcium as well as expel other ions in the sea water, especially the sodium and chloride. “Researchers may be busy for years to come figuring out how these cells manipulate the ions in the sea water they drink,” says Prof. Weiner.
Profs. Addadi and Weiner point out that this is not the first time this type of calcium ion intake has been observed. Prof. Jonathan Erez of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem described this phenomenon in single-celled, hard-shelled microorganisms called foraminifera a decade ago. At the time, it was thought to be a “curiosity,” but finding the same process in two very different creatures suggests that it may be quite widespread. Although we do not live in sea water, even the cells that build our bones may use a similar method to obtain calcium. The research was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Prof. Lia Addadi’s research is supported by the Jeanne and Joseph Nissim Foundation for Life Sciences Research. She is the incumbent of the Dorothy and Patrick Gorman Professorial Chair.
Prof. Stephen Weiner’s research is supported by the Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science, which he heads; the Dangoor Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Laboratory; and the estate of George and Beatrice F. Schwartzman. He is the incumbent of the Dr. Walter and Dr. Trude Borchardt Professorial Chair in Structural Biology.